The Era Of Political Structure - 1181 Words

Each era of political structure brings, in its own way, something that our nation needed at that specific point in time. With each need answered comes a needed question, for that which works for one era make have disastrous consequences for the next. Whereas the founding era, or the eighteenth century to the american revolution, questioned the constitution, the time after questioned the union and Lincoln’s words. The questions asked during each era were crucial to the development of our nation and government. Without this chain of events and the specific form of thinking for each era, we would not be where we are today. Perhaps the most important era is the one that continues to this day. For though all of the eras are extremely vital to†¦show more content†¦But in general his new wave of thinking, guided by his extensive education and and influence by German philosophy, paved the way for new ideals. This is turn helped to shape the Progressive Era, whether that is ow ed more to his lengthy education culminating in a Phd and multiple published books or the more European way of thinking that Wilson adapted. The progressives are openly critical of the Declaration of Independence and as a majority, they disagreed and even distrusted the foundation of the American founding. As Wilson was quoted saying in 1911, â€Å"If you want to understand the Declaration of Independence, do not repeat the Preface†. By taking out the preface of the Declaration of Independence, the only part left is the initial complaints agains the Monarch of England. The whole section dictating how to form a government is no longer available. Progressives like Wilson, felt that the only thing the Founders were qualified to put down in writing that would resist the test of time, was their displeasure with England, not how to run a new country. At the time of the writing of the Declaration, the main problem was getting rid of tyranny. Specifically, within the Declaration of Independence, Jefferson explicitly states that the document is â€Å"universal, absolute truth†, meaning that every law set to govern the nation will hold true forever. Even Lincoln believed this was the brilliant move on

Essay on Cause and Effects of Smallpox - 1520 Words

Cause and Effects of Smallpox Smallpox is caused by the variola virus that emerged in human populations thousands of years ago. Smallpox is a specific, infectious, and highly contagious febrile disease known only to be transmitted by humans. It is caused by a virus from air currents which are eventually passed on from person to person. Smallpox varies from a mild form without skin manifestations to a highly fatal hemorrhagic form. Edward Jenner, an English physician, discovered a means of preventing smallpox through vaccination. Gradually mass vaccination programs were introduced in many parts of the world. Smallpox was the first disease conquered by human beings and was eradicated by vaccination. The last known cases of naturally†¦show more content†¦Humans are the natural hosts of smallpox and it is not known to be transmitted by insects or animals. (WHO, 2005) Cause and Effects of Smallpox†¦2 Exposure to the virus is followed by an incubation period which people may not feel any sign of symptoms. The incubation period can range between 7 to 17 days. People are not contagious during this time period. After the incubation period, high fever, chills, severe headache and backache, and general malaise begin to develop. Your body temperature can reach up to 106 degrees Fahrenheit. After 2 to 4 days, a rash emerges first as small red spots on the tongue and in the mouth. The spots develop into sores which spread large amounts of the virus into the mouth and throat. The person becomes most contagious during this phase. Soon after, the smallpox rash appears on exposed portions of the body: the face, forearms, wrists, palms, lower legs, feet, and soles. Usually the rash spreads to all parts of the body within 24 hours. As the rash appears, the fever usually falls and the person may start to feel better. The rash becomes raised bumps on the third day of the rash. The bumps fill with a thick, opaque fluid and often have a depression in the center that looks like a bellybutton. (CDC, 2004). This is a major distinguishing characteristic of smallpox that occurs on the fourth day. Until scabs form over the bumps, fever often will riseShow MoreRelatedThe Eradication of Smallpox Smallpox is a disease that has a very high infection rate within the1300 Words   |  6 Pages The Eradication of Smallpox Smallpox is a disease that has a very high infection rate within the human population. It is a pathogen caused by the Variola virus, of which the symptoms of this are high fever, head and body aches, and sometimes vomiting. There are two forms of smallpox, Variola major and Variola minor. Variola major is the most common of the cases which involves a higher fever and more extensive rash. However there are actually four different types of the Variola major and they are:Read MoreToday In The World Humans Have The Lowest Death Rate To1304 Words   |  6 Pagesthe human race. Smallpox was one of these diseases that caused many problems to the human race, but with vaccines scientists and doctors were able to eradicate the disease completely, and no natural case has occurred since 1949 (â€Å"What is Smallpox?†). However recently people are afraid to vaccinate themselves and their children due to the chance of severe reactions (â€Å"Vaccine Reactions†). In addition they al so fear of their children acquiring autism from vaccines (â€Å"Vaccines Cause Autism?†). AlthoughRead MoreThe Demon in the Freezer: A True Story933 Words   |  4 PagesSection One: 286 In the book, The Demon in the Freezer, there were numerous characters that participated in the given research for smallpox. Throughout the plot, I found Lisa Hensley to be the best character in connection with public health. 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From that moment on, I was so eager to learn about medicine and what it would be like to createRead MoreThe Dormant Threat of Smallpox1370 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction/Background/History: Small Pox is an infectious disease that causes a fever and rash. The term â€Å"pox† comes from the Latin word for spotted. It also refers to the raised bumps that appear on the face and body of an infected person. Small Pox is cause by the Variola virus that appeared many years ago. There are two rudimentary patterns of small pox: Variola minor and Variola major, which is the worst and most common of the two. The earliest known death was Egyptian Pharaoh Ramses. CouldRead MoreVaccines Are Not the Cause of Autism Essay604 Words   |  3 PagesFor recurrent generations, there encompasses numerous controversies surrounding vaccinations for children in addition to the unfavorable reactions that may arise. 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The two scourges are bubonic plague, which influenced Europe during the 1300’s, and smallpox, which impacted Mesoamerica and the Native Americans from the 1500’s to the 1900’s. To understand how these sicknesses were so altering to their related societies, one must understand the disease. First, one must know the background of the disease. The earliest known outbreak of smallpox originated in Asia, more specifically in India (Carr para. 2). Bubonic plague is also presumed to haveRead MoreEssay on Bacteria and Viruses1259 Words   |  6 Pagescalled a capsule. These capsules have lipopolysaccharide in them, which is toxic and causes an immune response. As such, gram-negative bacteria generally cause disease. Bacteria may emit other toxins to similar effect. They may also metabolize chemicals in ways that are good, such as the ways that make cheese and yogurt, or clean up oil spills. They may also be commensals, such as Escherichia coli. The positive effects of viruses are less obvious. Viruses can function as vaccines for similar but moreRead MoreThe Importance Of Vaccines1746 Words   |  7 Pagesproduces immunity from a disease and can be given by the nose or the mouth. The word vaccines comes from a disease that occurred ages ago named cowpox that affected cows. The word vaccines derives from the latin word â€Å"vacca† meaning cow. Vaccines cause immunization, a process by which a person becomes protected from a certain disease through the presence of antibodies in the human body. Antibodies are proteins produced by the human body to destroy or neutralize toxins. There are two types of immunity

Six Dimension Worksheet Free Essays

Associate Level Material Six Dimensions of Health Worksheet Part 1 For each of the following six dimensions of health, list at least one characteristic, activity, belief, or attitude that reflects that dimension in your life. Provide a brief explanation with each example. Refer to Ch. We will write a custom essay sample on Six Dimension Worksheet or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1 in the text for explanations of these dimensions. Physical health: Exercising daily is an activity that helps Social health: An activity that reflects social health would have to be interactions with other people. If you are an antisocial person then you will end up being depressed. Intellectual health: An activity that reflects intellectual health is thinking clearly. If you can’t think clearly then you will not be able to make decisions in life. Environmental health: The way that you treat your environment around you. When you recycle you are making a decision to help the environment. Emotional health: An activity that reflects ones emotional health would be expressing your feelings. If I’m angry I keep my thoughts to myself so I won’t hurt anybody’s feelings. Spiritual health: Spiritual health involves your belief. Praying regularly is an activity that you do daily to strengthen your spiritual health. Part 2 In approximately 125 to 200 words, describe health and wellness in your own words using the ideas and concepts for each of the six dimensions of health. Your overall health is a reflection on your physical, intellectual, environmental, social, spiritual, and emotional health. If you maintain all six dimension of health then you are creating a healthy life for yourself. Taking care of yourself physically will increase your longevity. You can do this by eating healthy, exercising daily and regular doctor visits. You can be very social if you communicate with people on a daily basis. How to cite Six Dimension Worksheet, Papers

Changes in Blood Pressure Classification

Question: Discuss about the Changes in Blood Pressure Classification. Answer: Introduction: Hypertension is the most prevalent disease in Australia. Hypertension mainly occurs due to irregular food habit and unhealthy lifestyle. Hypertension can be classified into different categories based on the level of blood pressure. There are varied complications and different treatment options are associated with each category of hypertension. In this essay case of Amanda and Jim is discussed. Amanda and Jim belong to different grades of hypertension. Hence, different goals should be set and different treatment should be given to Amanda and Jim. Educational plan for control of hypertension in case of Amanda and Jim is also discussed. This educational plan should comprise of education for food, physical exercise, smoking and alcohol consumption, psychological and social issues, blood pressure monitoring and medication. Prevalence of hypertension: High blood pressure ( 140/90 mmHg) is the most frequently treated disease in Australia. In Australia, approximately 9 out of 100 patients are hypertensive patients treated at general practitioner. Majority of these patients are with chromic hypertension and only 4.5 % patients are newly diagnosed patients. Prevalence of hypertension is slightly higher in men (34 %) as compared to the women (29 %). 50 % patients of hypertension are generally associated with other heart and cardiovascular complications and approximately 11 % are associated with diabetes. In Australia, it is observed that high blood pressure increases with the age of the person (ABS, 2013). Primary hypertension can be mainly caused due to the smoking, being overweight or obese, alcohol consumption, lack of exercise, unhealthy diet comprising of high salt and saturated fat and family history of high blood pressure. Secondary hypertension can be mainly caused due to kidney disease, endocrine disease and narrowing of aorta. Secondary hypertension can also be caused due to steroidal drugs, contraceptive pill and pregnancy (Harrison et al., 2017). Grading system for hypertension: Blood pressure can be graded in three categories like grade 1 (SBP 140-159 or DBP 90-99), grade 2 (SBP 160-179 7or DBP 100-109) and grade 3 (SBP 180 or DBP 110). Grade 1 hypertension mainly occurs due to circulatory, vascular or renal response to environmental and genetic stimuli. In grade 1 hypertension, there are structural and functional alterations in heart and arteries of the patient. There can be occurrence of more than one risk factors in grade 1 hypertension patients. There would not be target organ damage in patients with grade 1 hypertension. Amanda may be suffering through grade 1 hypertension. Grade 1 hypertension patients should be assessed to identify early stage cardiovascular marker in the patient and identify specific treatment to attenuate these markers (Trana and Giangb, 2014; Kim et al., 2017). Patients of grade 1 hypertension should be traded with antihypertensive drugs like angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) or angiotensin II receptor an tagonists. For Amanda also same drug was prescribed. Grade 2 hypertension is considered as the progressive disease. Grade 2 hypertension can occur due to inability of heart and cardiovascular system to control blood pressure. This may occur due to the persistent structural and functional changes in the heart and arteries. Grade 2 hypertension can be associated with the more than two risk factors. If grade 2 hypertension doesnt controlled before certain level it may lead to the target organ damage. This susceptibility of the target organ damage in grade 2 patients should be identified through research studies. This would be helpful to manage the condition effectively and in cost effective manner. Jim might have grade 2 hypertension, because he was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis. In grade 2 hypertensive patients, there is moderate to high rise in blood pressure accompanied by at least two target organ damage. Hence in these patients antihypertensive drugs like ACE inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blocker s or beta blockers or calcium channel blockers or renin inhibitors can be used (Varounis et a., 2017; Yoon et al., 2015). Along with antihypertensive drugs, there should be administration of medication for target organ pathology. In patients with hypertension associated with atherosclerosis, there should be administration of statins which lowers levels of cholesterol. For Jim also, Lipitor was prescribed. Moreover, there was clear indication of organ damage in Jim. Patients with grade 3 hypertension are apparently associated with the target organ damage. Patients of this category generally exhibit sustained cardiovascular events irrespective of the level of blood pressure. Aging and association of other risk factors generally exaggerate condition of the grade 3 hypertensive patients and it may lead to the morbidity and mortality. Special emphasis should be given for reducing cardiovascular risk factors in grade 3 hypertensive patients. In patients with grade 3 hypertension, emergency antihypertensive drugs like nitrates should be administered along with the other antihypertensive drugs. In addition, medications for other risk factors should be administered in patients with grade 3 hypertension. Modifiable features of hypertension comprises of smoking, physical activity, low density lipoprotein (LDL), triglyceride levels, obesity, body mass index (BMI), diabetes mellitus and psychological stress. Non-modifibale features of hypertension comprises of family history, age, gender and genetic factors (Materson et al., 2014). Nurse should set different goals for Amanda and Jim. Nurse should set goal for Amanda to reduce her blood pressure to SBP 130-149 or DBP 80-89. Nurse should set goal for Jim to reduce his blood pressure to SBP 140-159 7or DBP 90-99. Nurse should set goal for Jim to reduce his cardiovascular complications and manage his type 2 diabetes mellitus condition. Nurse should give special attention for diastolic pressure in case of Jim because there should not be more reduction in diastolic pressure in patients with diabetes. Educational Plan: Food Nurse should educate Amanda and Jim for dietary habit to control hypertension. Nurse should advise them to eat food comprising of fruits, vegetable, whole grains, low-fat dairy products and fish. Nurse should advise them to consume more amount of potassium and fewer amounts of saturated fats. Specifically Jim, should avoid sugar containing products and food containing saturated fatty acids because he was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis. Nurse should prepare diet plan for Amanda and Jim, in consultation with dietician. These products exaggerate blood pressure in hypertension patients. Nurse should advise them to consume not more than 2000 mg per day salt because salt has negative impact on hypertension and its related risks like diabetes and kidney disease (Chen et al., 2014, Khan et al., 2014). Physical exercise Nurse should advise them to keep control on their body weight. Due to increase in body weight, BMI also can increase. Increased BMI is one of the prominent risk factor for the hypertension. Amanda should give special attention to control her body weight because her BMI is 28. BMI in this range indicates, Amanda is overweight. For maintaining optimum body weight both Amanda and Jim should increase their physical activity. Amanda should be very particular about physical activity because she should reduce her body weight. Amanda and Jim should perform approximately 150 minutes aerobic activity per week. Physical activity on the regular basis would be helpful for Amanda and Jim for controlling hypertension, managing stress due to increased blood pressure, reducing risks associated with hypertension and reducing body weight. Nurse should prepare exercise schedule for Amanda and Jim in consultation with exercise physiologist (Lauziere et al., 2013; Zinat Motlagh et al., 2015). Smoking and alcohol consumption Nurse should advise them to avoid alcohol because alcohol can increase blood pressure in normal persons also. Nurse should advise them to avoid smoking because smoking can produce injuries to blood vessels and facilitate hardening of the blood vessels (Lauziere et al., 2013; ; Zinat Motlagh et al., 2015) Psychological education Nurse should advise them to live stress free life. They should practice muscle relaxation and deep breathing for living stress free life. Physical activity and sufficient sleep also would be helpful in reducing stress (Lauziere et al., 2013; ; Zinat Motlagh et al., 2015) Blood pressure monitoring Nurse should teach them to monitor blood pressure at home. She should educate them to check blood pressure prior to and after medications. Nurse should incorporate cardiovascular technologist for teaching them measurement of blood pressure. This would be helpful in assessing effectiveness of medications. Nurse should also advise them to consult doctor immediately, if they observed noteworthy variation in their blood pressure (Lauziere et al., 2013) Social education Both Amanda and Jim should link themselves to the different community healthcare societies. In these societies they can share their experience and gain knowledge about the disease. It would be helpful for them for self management of the disease. It would also be helpful in relieving psychological issues like stress and burden of the disease. They should consult social worker to get link themselves to community healthcare societies (Park et al., 2011). Education about Lipitor and Avapro Nurse should educate Jim for Lipitor consumption. Nurse should advise him to take this drug once daily at the same time every day. Nurse should advise him to take regular blood tests for cholesterol and triglycerides. Nurse should also advise him to take liver function test. Nurse should advise him to inform healthcare provider about Lipitor consumption, if doctor wishes to prescribe him medicines for acute illness. Nurse should inform him that there may be nausea, vomiting and joint pain due to consumption of this medication. Nurse should tell him that, he should report muscle pain, weakness, fever, swelling and change in color of urine during consumption of Lipitor (Barber et al., 2012). Nurse should educate Amanda that she should not consume Avapro, if she has diabetes. Nurse should tell her that she should not use Avapro, if she is dehydrated. Nurse should inform her that she should monitor blood pressure on regular basis during consumption of Avapro. If she didnt find improvemen t in blood pressure, she should consult doctor. She should not stop taking Avapro, even if she found improvement in her blood pressure. She should keep Avapro away from heat and light. Nurse should tell her that she should stop alcohol and potassium supplements while taking Avapro. Both Amanda and Jim should consult pharmacist to get more information about their respective drugs (Barber et al., 2012). Conclusion: In Australia, highest number of treatments at general practitioners is for hypertension. Male are more affected with hypertension as compared to the female. There are different treatment options are available for different grades of hypertension. Along with medications use change in food habit and lifestyle should be incorporated in the management of hypertension. Amanda and Jim are having different grade of hypertension. There should be different goals and education plan for Amanda and Jim in hypertension management. With effective implementation of medical, social, psychological and physical interventions, hypertension in Amanda and Jim can be effectively controlled. References: Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). (2013). Hypertension. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/lookup/322DB1B539ACCC6CCA257B39000F316C?opendocument. On 17.04.2017. Barber, P., Parkes, J., and Blundell, D. (2012). Further Essentials of Pharmacology for Nurses. McGraw-Hill Education. Chen, Y., Hu, S., Li, Y., Yan, B., Shen, G., and Wang, L. (2014). Systematic review of hypertension clinical practice guidelines based on the burden of disease: a global perspective. Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine, 7(1), 52-9. Kim, S., Lewis, J.R., Baur, L.A., Macaskill, P., and Craig, J.C. (2017). Obesity and hypertension in Australian young people: results from the Australian Health Survey 2011-2012. Internal Medicine Journal, 47(2), 162-169. Khan, M.S., Bawany, F.I., Mirza, A., Hussain, M., Khan, A., and Lashari MN. (2014). Frequency and predictors of non-compliance to dietary recommendations among hypertensive patients. Journal of Community Health, 39(4), 732-6. Lauziere, T. A., Chevarie, N., Poirier, M., Utzschneider, A., Belanger, M. (2013). Effects of an Interdisciplinary Education Program on Hypertension: A Pilot Study. Canadian Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 23(2), 12-19. Materson, B.J. (2014). Diagnostic evaluation: Classification of hypertension. Journal of the American Society of Hypertension, 8(9), 680-1. Park, Y., Song, M., Cho, B., Lim, J., Song, W., Kim, S. (2011). The effects of an integrated health education and exercise program in community-dwelling older adults with hypertension: A randomized controlled trial. Patient Education and Counseling, 82(1), 133-137. Trana, T.M. and Giangb, N.M. (2014). Changes in blood pressure classification, blood pressure goals and pharmacological treatment of essential hypertension in medical guidelines from 2003 to 2013. IJC Metabolic Endocrine, 2, 110. Varounis, C., Katsi, V., Nihoyannopoulos, P., Lekakis, J., and Tousoulis, D. (2017). Cardiovascular Hypertensive Crisis: Recent Evidence and Review of the Literature. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine, 3(51), doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2016.00051. Yoon, S.S., Gu, Q., Nwankwo, T., Wright, J.D., Hong, Y., and Burt, V. (2015). Trends in blood pressure among adults with hypertension: United States, 2003 to 2012. Hypertension, 65(1), 54-61. Zinat Motlagh, S.F., Chaman, R., Ghafari, S.R., et al., (2015). Knowledge, Treatment, Control, and Risk Factors for Hypertension among Adults in Southern Iran. International Journal of Hypertension, 897070, doi: 10.1155/2015/897070.