Han Chinese Essay Example for Free

Han Chinese Essay I. Introductory Paragraph Although Han China and Rome shared the same attitudes regarding the importance of public works, with China devising the flood prevention system, and Rome creating the indispensable aqueducts, they had completely opposing views concerning tools used for crafts, with the Roman upper-class viewing such tools as demeaning and the Han China upper-class approving and encouraging such tools, especially after the invention of the mortar and pestle. II. Importance for Public Works A.Water seems to have been the main theme in both Roman and Chinese culture B. Chinese devised an elaborate flood prevention system, and a water-powered blowing-engine and Romans created the aqueducts. C.Romans also had a superb military, which led to the construction of the roads, and the necessity of a courier system. III. Roman views on tools A.Cicero considers crafts as a means of earning a living unsuitable. B.He considers physical labor as beneath and thinks non-material ideas such as language and education are superior. C.The Roman upper-class is of the opinion that tools are not something important and will not benefit the Romans (especially the upper-class) in any way. IV. Han Chinese views on tools A.The lower class, before the first century B.C.E., was allowed to make their own tools, and thus produced excellent tools. After the state â€Å"took over,† the tools made were of inferior quality. B.The document written was written by a government official, which suggests that some people in the government do not approve of the government interference and wish for the older days. C.Around 20 C.E., tools were definitely encouraged in Han China, especially after the invention of the mortar and pestle. V. Conclusion Perhaps, with the inclusion of the views of the lower-class people in both Roman and Chinese documents, it would better help strengthen or weaken the argument regarding the different views concerning tools.

Essay --

In the 1800s, American workers had tough working conditions until the workers decided to take a stand. Before factories were developed, the workers worked on small farms which were not as miserable as working in factories. American workers wanted protection and safety in the factories. There were men, women, and even children working in these dangerous factories. American workers felt taking advantaged of so they took a stand and formed labor unions. A labor union is an organization of workers that wants to fight for their protection and rights. In 1834, the first national labor organization is formed. The National Trade Union is the first national labor union that was open for all crafts. The ones who formed the National Trade Union were the journeymen. The journeymen wanted to limit the harsh working conditions. They wanted to higher wages, lower hours, and reduce struggle from unskilled workers. These reasons or ideas to help the unskilled workers are what led to the National Trade Union. By 1837, the panic and depression destroyed the first national union, but it did last for a few years. After the Civil War, there were more strong local unions formed. The strong local unions helped their members by providing for them in bad times. It also â€Å"became the means for expressing workers’ demands to employers.† The demands from the workers are shorter workdays; raise wages, and improving the working conditions. There are also national unions that re-emerged back at this time. In 1866, the National Labor Union was formed again, but by a different group of people. Labor activists from Baltimore decided to resurface this national labor organization that represented 60,000 members. The National Labor Union once again failed because of de... ... the workers, but as more form and come and out in the society the workers started to have fear. They rather have individuals than powerful employees. The workers main fear was â€Å"if they had to pay higher wages and meet the others demands of unions, their costs would go up and they would be less competitive in the marketplace.† So, the employees decided to shut down unions. Employers set up some rules to stop unions which were to ban the union meetings and have no one go to them anymore, to get rid of the union organizers or in other words fire them, to prevent new employees from joining a union or even participate in any more strikes, so they had to sign a â€Å"yellow dog† as a promise, and to refuse the collective bargaining and refuse to see unions as their workers’ legitimate representatives. The employees wanted an end to the unions and that’s what they fought for.

Before The Law: A Psychological Approach Essay

There aren’t many descriptions of the setting discussed in the story, while in the process of reading it, the reader seems to only know that there is a gate, a doorkeeper, and a man trying to get in. It is not until the end of the story that it is realized that there may in fact not be a setting at all. Kafka wrote this parable with the intentions of that when the reader was beginning to read, they would assume that the gate the man is trying to get access into is guarding a building or some other place that humans could physically go to. While instead he was telling a story about the human mind. That last few sentences in the story being, â€Å"The doorkeeper recognizes that the man has reached his end, and to let his failing senses catch the words, roars in his ear: ‘No one else could ever be admitted here, since this gate was made only for you. I am now going to shut it. ’ â€Å" giving away Kafkas hidden message. The way that you look at the story, or possibly even the way you have lived your life thus far, can persuade how you take the message that Kafka is trying to give to the readers. The story is written in a third person narrative form, Kafka doesn’t give much detail as to the surroundings in the story but he does let you get into the mans head. He writes, â€Å"Yet in his darkness, he is now aware of a radiance that streams inextinguishably from the gateway of the Law. † Kafka is letting you in on how the man feels and how he views the gate. The way Kafka ends this story makes the reader have to think about their life almost involuntarily. The only difference in how each person thinks is: Where do you think the gate has access to? What do you think the law is? And why do you think the man wants to get in it? My answers to those previously stated questions may be different than many but I feel as if Kafka was trying to get the readers to understand that the law is every human beings own and personalized sanctuary. Society says that finding the job of your dreams, the lover of your dreams, and the house of your dreams is what makes you happy. I feel as if finding ones own inner peace is what truly makes you happy. The armed guards in this story represent the pathway and the battles that one has to take to get the their inner sanctuary. Each time you get past one guard, the next is harder to get through. The guards represent each level of growing into your own person and figuring out yourself and who you are. The story writes, â€Å" ‘Everyone strives to reach the Law,’ says the man, ‘so how does it happen that for all these many years no one but myself has ever begged for admittance? ’ â€Å" The man is doing what he thinks everyone else wants to do, he is not doing it out of pure satisfaction for himself, that is why he is not strong enough to even get past the first guard. At the end of the story it is then revealed that the gate was only meant for the man, but he didn’t try hard enough to get in before the light took him over. If only the man would have went to attempt to beat the guard would he have then realised that the path through the law would lead to his inner peace and serenity. He would have to fight harder and harder battles each time but he choose to not even try to get past the first guard. This story shows how the man has to fight to get what he wants and if he does not try to do so, he will die with nothing but an unanswered question and an unpeaceful mind. The setting could just possibly be within ones own mind, but it could also be everything in the physical world. Or both at the same time.

Speech Patterns Uptalking

Uptalk is a  speech pattern in which phrases and sentences habitually end with a rising sound, as if the statement were a question. Also known as upspeak,  high-rising terminal (HRT), high-rising tone, valley girl speech, Valspeak, talking in questions, rising intonation, upward inflection, interrogatory statement, and Australian Question Intonation (AQI). The term uptalk was introduced by journalist James Gorman in an On Language column in The New York Times, August 15, 1993. However, the speech pattern itself was first recognized in Australia and the U.S. at least two decades earlier. Examples and Observations Ive got the next run at that software thing. I thought you might like to have a look?Mark here was using upspeak, ending on an upward inclination, making what he said nearly a question but not quite. (John Lanchester, Capital. W.W. Norton, 2012) HRT stands for high-rise terminals. What did you think I meant? Its the technical term for uptalk--the way kids speak so that every sentence ends with an interrogative tone so that it sounds like a question even when its a statement? Like that, in fact. . . .While we were on holiday in the US this summer, my kids spent two weeks at that great American childhood institution: camp.So what did you do today? Id ask my daughter at collection time.Well, we went canoeing on the lake? Which was, like, really really fun? And then we had storytelling in the barn? And we all had to tell a story about, like, where were from or our family or something?Yep, she was uptalking. (Matt Seaton, The Guardian, Sep. 21, 2001) Interpreting Uptalk (Politeness Strategies) [Penelope] Eckert and [Sally] McConnell-Ginet [in Language and Gender, 2003] discuss the use of questioning intonation on statements, often termed uptalk or upspeak. They suggest that the high-rise terminal, which characterises Valley Girl speech, the speech style of young women primarily in California, is often analysed as a signal that those who use it do not know what they are talking about, since statements are transformed by this intonational pattern into what sound like questions. Rather than accepting this negative view of uptalk, Eckert and McConnell-Ginet suggest that questioning intonation may simply signal that the person is not giving the final word on the matter, that they are open to the topic continuing, or even that they are not yet ready to cede their turn. (Sara Mills and Louise Mullany, Language, Gender and Feminism: Theory, Methodology and Practice. Routledge, 2011) Purposes of Uptalk Some speakers--especially women--deploy seemingly random question marks to hold the floor and fend off interruptions. Powerful people of both genders use it to coerce their underlings and build consensus. Penelope Eckert, a linguist at Stanford University, says one of her students observed Jamba Juice (JMBA) customers and found that fathers of undergraduates scored as the biggest uptalkers. They were being polite and trying to mitigate their male authoritativeness, she says. (Caroline Winter, Is It Useful to Sound Like an Idiot? Bloomberg Businessweek, April 24-May 4, 2014)One theory as to why simple declarative statements sound like questions is that in many cases, they actually are. English is a notoriously woolly language, full of ways to say one thing and mean another. The use of uptalk could be a way to subconsciously hint that a simple statement such as I think we should choose the left hand turn? has a hidden meaning. Implicit within the sentence is a question: Do you also thi nk we should choose the left hand turn? (The Unstoppable March of the Upward Inflection? BBC News, August 10, 2014) Uptalk in Australian English Perhaps the most recognizable intonational feature in an accent is the occurrence of high-rising terminals (HRTs) associated with Australian English. Put simply, a high-rising terminal means that there is a noticeable high rise in pitch at the end (terminal) of an utterance. Such an intonation is typical of interrogative syntax (questions) in many English accents, but in Australian, these HRTs also occur in declarative sentences (statements). This is why Australians (and others who have taken up this way of talking) can sound (at least to non-HRT speakers) like they are either always asking questions or are in constant need of confirmation . . ..(Aileen Bloomer, Patrick Griffiths, and Andrew John Merrison, Introducing Language in Use. Routledge, 2005) Uptalk Among Young People Negative attitudes to uptalk are not new. In 1975, the linguist Robin Lakoff drew attention to the pattern in her book Language and Womens Place, which argued that women were socialized to talk in ways that lacked power, authority, and confidence. Rising intonation on declarative sentences was one of the features Lakoff included in her description of womens language, a gendered speech style which in her view both reflected and reproduced its users subordinate social status. More than two decades later, the rising intonation pattern can be observed among younger speakers of both sexes . . ..The US uptalk pattern differentiates younger from older speakers. In the British case it is debated whether the increasing use of rising intonation on declaratives is an innovation modeled on recent/current usage in the US or whether the model is Australian English, where the feature was well established even earlier. (Deborah Cameron, Working With Spoken Discourse. Sage, 2001)